CCNA Network Simulator with Visualizer

CertExams.com CCNA Netsim with network visualizer comes with hundreds of lab exercises for hands-on practice. Using the simulator, one will be able to run the commands similar to that of real router network. It is possible to telnet, ping, or trace route remote devices.

The visualizer enables one to design one's own network using Cisco routers and switches. Though there is no limit on the number of devices that could be used, for practical purpose, it should be limited to less than 10 hops.

The labs available are listed below:

1.0	Switch Fundamentals:
1.1	Switch Simulator: 2950 console password assignment
1.2	Switch Simulator: 2950 vty password assignment
1.3	Switch Simulator: 2950 setting privileged EXE password
1.4	Switch Simulator: 2950 enable interface
1.5	Switch Simulator: Basic interface configuration
1.6	Switch Simulator: Initial switch configuration
1.7	Network Simulator: Catalyst 2950 switch configuration
2.0	IOS Fundamentals Lab
2.1	Router Simulator: Logging to the router
2.2	Router Simulator: Router banner MOTD
2.3	Router Simulator: Setting host name
2.4	Router Simulator: Interface configuration
2.5	Router Simulator: Setting bandwidth on an interface
2.6	Router Simulator: Setting console password
2.7	Router Simulator: Setting telnet password
2.8	Router Simulator: Copy active configuration
2.9	Router Simulator: Router CDP configuration
2.10	Router Simulator: Show CDP configuration
2.11	Network Simulator: Show CDP neighbors
2.12	Router Simulator: Bringing up a Router interface
2.13	Router Simulator: Set keepalive timers
2.14	Router Simulator: Setting auxiliary password to router
2.15	Router Simulator: Setting Hostname and Banner
2.16	Router Simulator: Configuring Router Console and Line Passwords
2.17	Router Simulator: Configuring, and Testing a Loopback Interface
2.18	Network Simulator: Viewing Host Table Entries
2.19	Network Simulator: Viewing ARP Entries
2.20	Network Simulator: Telneting between Routers
2.21	Network Simulator: Configuring workstation as TFTP server
2.22	Router Simulator: Implementing exec-timeout command
3.0	Switch Configuration and VLAN
3.1	Switch Simulator: Basic IP configuration
3.2	Switch Simulator: Configuring 2950 series switch
3.3	Switch Simulator: Troubleshooting 2950 switch
3.4	Network Simulator: 2950 Trunking Configuration
3.5	Network Simulator: Creating and Deleting 2950 VLANs
3.6	Network Simulator: Configuring VTP on 2950 switch
3.7	Network Simulator: Configuring VTP with a VTP Client
3.8	Network Simulator: Troubleshooting lab with non-matching domains
3.9	Network Simulator: Troubleshooting lab with trunk functionality
3.10	Network Simulator: Configuring devices to support VLAN
3.11	Network Simulator: VTP Configuration to establish client/server connection
3.12	Network Simulator: VLANs and Trunking between switches
3.13	Network Simulator: Routing between VLANs
4.0	Access Lists
4.1	Network Simulator: Creating an access-list
4.2	Network Simulator: Applying access-list to an interface
4.3	Network Simulator: View access-list entries
4.4	Network Simulator: Standard access-lists: Scenario lab 1
4.5	Network Simulator: Standard access-lists: Scenario lab 2
4.6	Network Simulator: Router Access-List Configuration
4.7	Network Simulator: Configuring and Verifying Standard Access List
4.8	Network Simulator: Configuring and Verifying Extended Access List
4.9	Network Simulator: Configuring and Implementing Extended Access List
4.10	Network Simulator: Verifying Extended Access List
4.11	Network Simulator: Named Access List
5.0	Routing Fundamentals Labs
5.1	Router Simulator: Configuring RIP routing protocol
5.2	Network Simulator: Configuring static routes
5.3	Network Simulator: Configuring default routes
5.4	Network Simulator: Basic IGRP routing
5.5	Network Simulator: Introduction to IP
5.6	Network Simulator: Connectivity Tests with Traceroute
5.7	Network Simulator: Implementing Static Routes
5.8	Network Simulator: Implementing Default Routes
6.0	Wide Area Networking
6.1	Network Simulator: Network Designer/Simulator: PPP configuration
6.2	Network Simulator: Configuring-point-to-point-hdlc-interface
6.3	Network Simulator: Configuring-ethernet-interfaces-on-a-router-network
6.4	Network Simulator: Configuring ISDN using bri (Basic Rate Interface)
6.5	Router Simulator: Viewing IP RIP Information
6.6	Network Simulator: Configuring RIPv2
6.7	Network Simulator: RIP2 Routing Configuration
6.8	Network Simulator: EIGRP show commands
7.0	Frame Relay
7.1	Network Simulator: Configuring Frame-Relay without sub-interfaces
7.2	Network Simulator: Configuring Frame-Relay with point-to-point sub-interfaces
7.3	Network Simulator: Frame-Relay with sub-interfaces-Routing
7.4	Network Simulator: Frame-Relay with show commands
7.5	Network Simulator: Frame-Relay Full Mesh Topology
8.0	OSPF
8.1	Network Simulator: OSPF Configuration in single area
8.2	Network Simulator: OSPF troubleshooting lab scenario-1
8.3	Network Simulator: OSPF troubleshooting lab scenario-2
8.4	Network Simulator: OSPF troubleshooting lab scenario-3
9.0	NAT
9.1	Network Simulator: NAT scenario-1
9.2	Network Simulator: NAT scenario-2
9.3	Network Simulator: NAT scenario-3
9.4	Network Simulator: Dynamic NAT scenario-1
9.5	Network Simulator: NAT troubleshooting scenario-1
9.6	Network Simulator: NAT and PAT
10.0	Routing:
10.1	RIP Routing Configuration-Scenario
10.2	EIGRP Routing Configuration-Scenario
10.3	EIGRP troubleshooting Lab Scenario
10.4	OSPF Routing Configuration-Scenario
11.0	IPv6 Basic Labs
11.1	Enabling ipv6 on a cisco router
11.2	Enabling ipv6 on a cisco router interface
11.3	Configuring ipv6 on a cisco router interface with a IPv6 address in EUI-format
11.4	Configuring ipv6 on a cisco router interface with a IPv6 address in general form
11.5	Configuring loopback interface with IPv6 address
11.6	Configuring ipv6 on two router interfaces connected directly and pinging the distant interface using console
11.7	Traceroute lab
12.0	IPv6 Routing Protocol labs
12.1	Enabling RIPng (IPv6 RIP Process) on a cisco router interface
12.2	Enabling RIPng on two routers and pinging between them
12.3	Entering RIPng router configuration mode and setting global parameters on a cisco router
12.4	Configuring EIGRPv6 on a router interface
12.5	Configuring EIGRPv6 on two routers and pinging between them
12.6	Enabling OSPF for IPv6 on a Cisco router interface
12.7	Configuring OSPF on two router interfaces
12.8	General IPv6 configuration on 2610 series router
13.0	DHCP labs
13.1	Configuring cisco router as a DHCP server
13.2	DHCP client configuration
13.3	Configuring two DHCP clients and DHCP verification commands
14.0	Exercises on Spanning Tree Protocol
14.1	Enabling STP
14.2	Configuring root switch
14.3	Configuring port-priority
14.4	Configuring switch priority of a VLAN
14.5	Configuring STP timers
14.6	Verifying STP
15.0	Exercises on PVST
15.1	Enabling and disabling uplinkfast feature on a switch
15.2	Enabling and disabling backbonefast feature on a switch
15.3	Enabling and disabling portfast feature on a switch
15.4	Enabling PVST+ on a switch
15.5	Implementing PVST on a switch network
16.0	Exercises on BGP
16.1	Basic BGP Configuration
16.2	Setting BGP attributes
16.3	Setting the BGP neighbor password
16.4	To disable the peer
16.5	Basic configuration of a Peer Group
16.6	Configuring Multi Exit Discriminator Metric For more details, please visit the CCNA NetSim home page.

CertExams.com CCNA 200-120 exam simulator

CertExams.com released CCNA Exam Simulator 200-120 conformning to the latest exam objectives. Checkout the link here: http://www.certexams.com/download/ccna-simulator-download.htm

The new CCNA objectives include HSRP, and STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) which were earlier part of CCNP Routing exam.

CCNA ICND2 200-101 Exam Topics

The following are the exam topics for CCNA ICND2 (200-101) exam objectives.

LAN Switching Technologies

• Identify enhanced switching technologies
• RSTP
• PVSTP
• Ethercnannels
• Configure and verify PVSTP operation
• describe root bridge election
• spanning tree mode

IP Routing Technologies

• Describe the boot process of Cisco IOS routers
• POST
• Router bootup process
• Configure and verify operation status of a Serial interface.
• Manage Cisco IOS Files
• Boot preferences
• Cisco IOS image(s)
• Licensing
• Show license
• Change license
• Differentiate methods of routing and routing protocols
• Administrative distance
• split horizon
• metric
• next hop
• Configure and verify OSPF (single area)
• neighbor adjacencies
• OSPF states
• Discuss Multi area
• Configure OSPF v2
• Configure OSPF v3
• Router ID
• LSA types
• Configure and verify EIGRP (single AS)
• Feasible Distance / Feasible Successors /Administrative distance
• Feasibility condition
• Metric composition
• Router ID
• Auto summary
• Path selection
• Load balancing
  • Equal
  • Unequal
• Passive interface

IP Services

• Recognize High availability (FHRP)
• VRRP
• HSRP
• GLBP
• Configure and verify Syslog
• Utilize Syslog Output
• Describe SNMP v2 & v3

Troubleshooting

• Identify and correct common network problems
• Utilize netflow data
• Troubleshoot and Resolve Spanning Tree operation issues
• root switch
• priority
• mode is correct
• port states
• Troubleshoot and Resolve routing issues
• routing is enabled
• routing table is correct
• correct path selection
• Troubleshoot and Resolve OSPF problems
• neighbor adjancies
• Hello and Dead timers
• OSPF area
• Interface MTU
• Network types
• Neighbor states
• OSPF topology database
• Troubleshoot and Resolve EIGRP problems
• neighbor adjancies
• AS number
• Load balancing
• Split horizon
• Troubleshoot and Resolve interVLAN routing problems
• Connectivity
• Encapsulation
• Subnet
• Native VLAN
• Port mode trunk status
• Troubleshoot and Resolve WAN implementation issues
• Serial interfaces
• PPP
• Frame relay
• Monitor NetFlow statistics
• Troubleshoot etherchannel problems

WAN Technologies

• Identify different WAN Technologies
• Metro Ethernet
• VSAT
• Cellular 3G / 4G
• MPLS
• T1 / E1
• ISDN
• DSL
• Frame relay
• Cable
• VPN
• Configure and verify a basic WAN serial connection
• Configure and verify a PPP connection between Cisco routers
• Configure and verify Frame Relay on Cisco routers
• Implement and troubleshoot PPPoE

Download ICND2 200-101 or ICND2 640-816 for free evaluation.

SimulationExams Releases CCENT 100-101 practice tests

SimulationExams.com, a practice tests provider, has recently released Cisco CCENT practice tests. CCENT cert, awarded by Cisco, has recently been updated from older objectives (640-822) to newer version (100 101 exam). For candidates aspiring for CCENT (CCNA ICND1) certification, CertExams.com CCENT Exam Sim provides an excellent simulated exam environment. The advantages of using CCNA exam simulator include the following:

The package consists of 300 questions in 3+ tests with:
- Drag-n-drop questions
- Simlet and Testlet type of questions
- Network simulation questions
- Single choice multiple answer, and
- Multiple choice single answer questions

Probably, this is the only practice exam that provides complete range of CCENT question types including simlets and simulations.

The exam objectives covered by CCEMT certification include the following:

1. IP v4 and IP v6 network addressing
2. Switching using layer-2 and layer-3 switches
3. Traffic control using access control lists
4. Variable length subnet masking,
5. Configure, verify, and troubleshoot basic router operation and routing on Cisco devices
6. Implement and verify simple networks consisting of Cisco switches and routers.

Other products offered by SimulationExams.com include the following:

1. CCNA Network Simulator
2. Juniper Junos Simulator for JNCIA
3. CCNA Exam Simulator

CCENT is a foundation exam for achieving CCNA R&S through two-exam option. Two-exam option consists of CCENT (Cisco Certified Entry Network Technician), and CCNA ICND2. To achieve CCNA, one need to pass either the single exam (CCNA) or both CCENT (also known as CCNA ICND1), and the CCNA ICND2 exams separately. The single exam path is recommended for candidates who have sufficient hands-on experience in LAN/WAN networking. Cisco certifications are generally valid for 3 years, and candidates are expected to renew certifications by taking renewal exam. CCNA is the foundation certification for taking CCDA, CCNP and other professional level exams.
Subscribe for CCENT practice exams or read more about the same at

http://www.simulationexams.com/exam-details/cisco-ccent.htm

More information can be found online at http://www.simulationexams.com/ciscoTests.htm

Disclaimer: SimulationExams.com is neither associated nor affiliated with Cisco Systems(R) or any other Company. All trademarks are duly recognized.

New CCNA Certification Practice Exam Engine Launched

SimulationExams is happy to announce the release of new CCNA Certification practice tests with .NET exam engine. The exam engine has several features including the following:
1. Easy User Interface: Users will be able to browse through the Exam Simulator Home. It contains a parent frame in which all downloaded exams will be provided, with another tab for exams that are available but not downloaded yet by the user. User may simply click a button or two, and install new demo exam.
2. Online Product Activation: The product activation may be done online after confirmed order placement. Users will need Internet connector for activating the product online. It is possible to activate the product offline (without having Internet connectivity) by sending an email providing the Product ID and order number.
3. 300+ Questions: The CCNA Certification tests consist of 300+ questions spread over 4 individual tests. Candidates may take the test in either learn mode or exam mode. Each question has been explained thoroughly, and usually covers different exam topic.
4. Online Update: Customers will be able to check for any updates, and download an update online without any emails, etc. with customer support.
5. Question Feedback: A candidate taking the test may provide instant feedback by using feedback form without leaving the exam environment.
6. Comprehensive Results Section: Each test taken by a canhttp://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gifdidate may be saved for future reference. http://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gif

One important feature of CCNA Cert practice tests is the ability to support multiple question formats just as that of actual exam. The question formats include a} Multiple choice questions, Exhibit-based questions, Simlets, Testlets, and Router Simulations. Hardly any other practice test vendor is providing such vast variety of question types for CCNA Certification practice.

The product may be viewed at:
http://www.simulationexams.com/exam-details/ccna.htm
and download link is given below:
http://www.simulationexams.com/downloads/cisco-tests/ccna/ccna-practicetest-download.htm

CCNA Network Simulator now supports VLAN, VTP, and STP

The network simulator product now supports VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol), VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks), and STP (Spanning Tree Protocol). Further, several new labs have been added as below:

12.0 IPv6 Routing Protocol labs
12.1 Enabling RIPng (IPv6 RIP Process) on a cisco router interface
12.2 Enabling RIPng on two routers and pinging between them
12.3 Entering RIPng router configuration mode and setting global parameters on a cisco router
12.4 Configuring EIGRPv6 on a router interface
12.5 Configuring EIGRPv6 on two routers and pinging between them
12.6 Enabling OSPF for IPv6 on a Cisco router interface
12.7 Configuring OSPF on two router interfaces
12.8 General IPv6 configuration on 2610 series router
13.0 DHCP labs
13.1 Configuring cisco router as a DHCP server
13.2 DHCP client configuration
13.3 Configuring two DHCP clients and DHCP verification commands
14.0 Exercises on Spanning Tree Protocol
14.1 Enabling STP
14.2 Configuring root switch
14.3 Configuring port-priority
14.4 Configuring switch priority of a VLAN
14.5 Configuring STP timers
14.6 Verifying STP
Please refer to the lab exercises page of CCNA for complete list of labs provided. Note that the demo version will have access to limited number of labs, whereas it is possible to run all the labs in the

full version of the simulator

.

The supported commands are given below:
http://routersimulator.certexams.com/commands.html

Product page: http://routersimulator.certexams.com/network-simulator-designer.html

Network Simulator for Cisco CCENT

Network Simulator for CCENT has the following features:
1. Lab exercises for hands-on practice.
2. Router and switch simulator
3. Simulate Cisco® IOS routers (2501/2503) or switches (2950).
4. Support for 200+ router and switch commands
5. Labs for 1900 and 2950 switches included
6. Detailed help files
7. Network designer that provides drag and drop feature for inserting devices and connectors.
8. GUI vased device configurator.
9. Support short form commands. You can type short form commands in IOS simulator for router/switch commands just like in actual router/switch.

Download at Cisco CCENT Simulator
Visit Network Simulator home page

VLAN Types

1. Native VLAN: It's a VLAN that is not tagged when used on dot1q trunk. Frames using native VLAN traverse without any tagging. Workstations and some switches do not understand dot1q, and only work with frames without tag (Native VLAN).

2. Default VLAN: It's typically VLAN 1 (At least on Cisco switches) - Vlan that is assigned to the switch port, when u get switch "out of box". You can change the default VLAN to any other specific VLAN by using "native vlan" command on Cisco swiches.

3. Static VLAN: "Static VLAN membership is perhaps the most widely used method because of the relatively small administration overhead and security it provides. With Static VLANs, the administrator will assign each port of the switch to one VLAN. Once this is complete, they can simply connect each device or workstation to the appropriate port." The other method is 4.

4.Dynamic VLAN: Static VLANs are the most common form of port VLAN assignments. It is possible to have the switch dynamically choose a VLAN based on the MAC address of the device connected to a port. For dynamic VLAN assignment, you need a VTP database file, a VTP server, a VTP client switch, and a dynamic port. After you have properly configured these components, a dynamic port can choose the VLAN based on whichever device is connected to that port.

5. Access VLAN: There are two modes of a switch port, Access and Trunk: Access switchport mode is used to connect to the end devices, and trunk switchport mode is typically used to interconnect two switches (or a router and a switch). So Access VLAN is the vlan which is assigned to port that is in ACCESS mode and connected to the end device

Tidbits - IP Helper Address

The Internet is based on client/server model. For example, a host may need to contact a DHCP (Short for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server for obtaining its IP address. The requests are usually sent as broardcast messages. Since routers do not forward broadcasts, the DHCP server must be located in the same subnet as that of the client requesting the service. But, practical reasons may prohibit a DHCP server to be placed on each subnet of a network. One workaround to this problem is IP helper address. A router, configured with IP helper address can unicast the broadcast message received from a client (or host) in one subnet to a given IP address (of the server) in another subnet, which in turn provides the DHCP information to the client computer.
IP helper addresses can also be used for any other requests such as DNS requests or to locate TFTP servers on a network. IP helper address enables a network administrator to centralize the server services, such as DHCP service or DNS service.

Few CCNA Questions ...

What is true about VLAN trunk protocol?

a. VTP is statically configured, but no built-in intelligence is available.
b. VTP provides intelligence to configure switches across the network
c. VTP is not designed to distribute information across the switch fabric
d. None of the above

ans: b

VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP) is a layer 2 protocol that maintains VLAN configurations through a common administrative domain. Configurations are made to a VTP server, and are propagated
across trunk lines to all switches in the VTP domain. VTP provides auto-intelligence for configuring switches across the network.

CCNA Certification - New 2 Exam Track

Cisco's CCNA certification consists of 2 exams:
1. CCENT (stands for Cisco Certified Entry Network Technician) exam, and
2. CCNA ICND (ICND stands for Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices).
One can also pass CCNA directly by taking one exam option (640-802)

For beginners, two exam track is the preferred method of study. SimulationExams.com offers practice tests for all the exam tracks as below:
CCENT 640-822 Exam
CCNA ICND 640-816 Exam
CCNA 640-802 Exam

Downloads consist of free demo version of the exam. Interested candidates may purchase full version of the tests at Cisco Exams section of simulationexams.com

Online version of the exams is available from CertExams.com.
Register online and take demo online tests at CertExams.com
1. CCENT 640-822 Online Tests
2. CCNA ICND 640-816 Online Tests
3. CCNA 640-802 Online Tests

Several other cisco certifications are also available. Please visit the website for details.

CCNA ICND2 Practice Tests

SimulationExams.com, recently released CCNA ICND2 (Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices 2) practice tests. ICND2 exam counts toward CCNA certification awarded by Cisco Systems®. CCNA ICND2 isintended for candidates who have experience in configuration and troubleshootingof Cisco networking devices.. The practice tests offered by SimulationExamsprovide a simulated test environment for candidates before appearing for thecertification exam.

The advantages of a simulated exam are:

• Ability to gauge one's preparedness to take actual certification exam
• To strengthen weak areas
• To familiarize oneself with actual exam environment (such as timed test, lab practice, relevant practice questions, etc.)

CCNA ICND2 is one of the two qualifying exams available to candidates pursuing a two-exam option for Cisco Certified Network Associate Certification. To achieve CCNA, one need to pass both CCENT (also known as CCNA ICND1), and the CCNA ICND2 exams. Alternatively, one can obtain CCNA certification by passing a single exam, 640-802.

Related exam: CCNA ICND1

Disclaimer: SimulationExams.com is neither associated nor affiliated with Comptia®, Microsoft®, Cisco Systems® or any other Company. All trademarks are duly recognized.

VTP Trunking Protocol

VLAN Trunking Protocol

• VTP sends messages between trunked switches to maintain VLANs on these switches in order to properly trunk.

• VTP is a Cisco proprietary method of managing VLANs between switches and runs across any type of trunking mechanism.

• VTP messages are exchanged between switches within a common VTP domain.

• VTP domains must be defined or VTP disabled before a VLAN can be created.

• Exchanges of VTP information can be controlled by passwords.

• VTP manages only VLANs 2 through 1002.

• VTP allows switches to synchronize their VLANs based on a configuration revision number.

• Switches can operate in one of three VTP modes: server, transparent, or client.

• VTP can prune unneeded VLANs from trunk links.

Reference: Cisco Press Book

CCNA Exam Trainer

Announcement:

CCNA Exam Trainer is available from certexams.com.
The ccna training software has the following features:

CCNA Practice Questions

• Multiple choice single answer

• Multiple choice multiple answers

• True/False Type questions

• Drag-n-drop Type questions

Admin Log-in for complete configuration control

• Set question randomization

• Set number of questions for exam

• Set answer randomization

• Save and manage results

• Enable/disable options with a password

Network Simulator

• Simulate a router network

• Design a router network

• Use existing network labs to gain experience

Download CCNA exam training software

CCNA Tutorial

A brief tutorial on ccna is available at simulationexams.com. The contents of the tutorial are given below:

1. IP Addressing
2. Subnet masking -I
3. Subnet masking -II
4. Routing Fundamentals
5. Cisco IOS
6. Access Control Lists (ACL)
7. Wide Area Networks
8. VLANs
9. VLAN Fundamentals
10. Types of VLANs
11. VLAN Routing

Simulationexams.com provides ccna practice tests that are suitable for candidates preparing for taking CCNA certification exam.

Networking Primer -IP Addressing

An IP address is a unique logical identifier for a node or host connection on an IP network. An IP address is a 32 bit binary number, and represented as 4 decimal values of 8 bits each. The decimal values range from 0 to 255. This is known as "dotted decimal" notation.

Example: 192.189.210.078

It is sometimes useful to view the values in their binary form.

192     .189     .210     .078
11000000.10111101.11010010.01001110

Every IP address consists of network identifier and node identifier. The IP network is divided based on Class of network. The class of network is determined by the leading bits of the IP address as shown below. 

Address Classes

There are 5 different address classes. You can determine which class any IP
address is in by examining the first 4 bits of the IP address.

• Class A addresses begin with 0xxx, or 1 to 126 decimal.
  
• Class B addresses begin with 10xx, or 128 to 191 decimal.
  
• Class C addresses begin with 110x, or 192 to 223 decimal.
  
• Class D addresses begin with 1110, or 224 to 239 decimal.
  
• Class E addresses begin with 1111, or 240 to 254 decimal.

Addresses beginning with 01111111, or 127 decimal, are reserved for loopback and for internal testing on a local machine. Class D addresses are reserved for multicasting. Class E addresses are reserved for future use. They should not be used for host addresses.

Now we can see how the Class determines, by default, which part of the IP address belongs to the network (N) and which part belongs to the Host/node (H).

• Class A: NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH
  
• Class B: NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH
  
• Class C: NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH

In the example, 192.189.210.078 is a Class C address so by default the Network part of the address (also known as the Network Address) is defined by the first three octets (192.189.210.XXX) and the node part is defined by the last one octets (XXX.XXX.XXX.078).

In order to specify the network address for a given IP address, the node section is set to all "0"s. In our example, 192.189.210.0 specifies the network address for 192.189.210.078. When the node section is set to all "1"s, it specifies a broadcast that is sent to all hosts on the network. 192.189.210.255 specifies the broadcast address.

Private Subnets

There are three IP network addresses reserved for private networks. The addresses are 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16. They can be used by anyone setting up internal IP networks, such as an intranet. Internet routers never forward the private addresses over the public Internet.

CCNA Intro and CCNA ICND exams.

There is a two-exam option for attaining ccna certification. Here, you need to pass two individual exams, namely CCNA Intro and CCNA ICND for attaining ccna certificate. This stream is useful for candidate who are new to networking, and prefer slower pace of study.
See CCNA Intro exam details, and CCNA ICND exam details
Download, and practice CCNA Intro exam questions, and CCNA ICND exam questions.

The combined syllabus for CCNA Intro, and CCNA ICND is close to CCNA. If you are a working professional with atleast 1 or 2 years of experience in networking, it is suggested to take single exam path. If you are completely new to networking, it is recommended to take two-exam path.

CCNA Exam Cram Notes

A quick revision notes for CCNA exam is available at examguides.com The ccna exam cram notes is useful for those who are in the final stage preparation.

ISO OSI reference model

A comprehensive tutorial is available at tutorialsweb on ISO OSI model. OSI model is the basic building block of CCNA certification preparation, and it is highly required that a CCNA aspirant has a solid understanding of different layers of OSI model. The contents of the tutorial are given below:

• The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model
• Information Exchange Process
• Relationship between the OSI Model and Networking Devices
• Repeaters, Bridges, Routers, Gateways and other network components
• Glossary of Networking Terms

Read complete tutorial on ISO OSI model for CCNA preparation.

CCNA Network Simulator

CCNA Network Simulator is a software tool that simulates a router/switch network. The tool should typically be able to:

• Simulate a router
• Simulate a switch
• Simulate a router/switch network
• Design a router/switch network
• Save semi-finished configurations, and reload for later resumption
• Save the work to a text file for later use.

A router simulator is essential for having hands-on practice. Ofcourse, if you can buy routers and switches and make physical network that would be fine, but normally does not justify the costs involved.

CCNA network simulators are available from the following sources:

http://routersimulator.certexams.com

http://www.boson.com/Product/CIS-NS-CCNA-04.html

A comprehensive CCNA trainer is available at:

http://www.certexams.com/cisco/ccna/download/ccna-trainer.html

Normally, the software is available free for demo version, and you need to pay if you want to unlock the full version. The cost range from $150 down to $25 depending on the requirements. Download, and checkout the features available.